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A companion to the updated service above - this web page allows new or updated clubs details and locations to be submitted to this site. Instead of taking the notion of causation for granted, Hume challenges us to consider what experience allows us to know about cause and effect. As causation, at base, involves only matters of fact, Hume once again challenges us to consider what we can know of the constituent impressions of causation. We are still relying on previous impressions to predict the effect and therefore do not violate the Copy Principle. Although this employment of the distinction may proffer a potential reply to the causal reductionist, there is still a difficulty lurking. If the definitions were meant to separately track the philosophical and natural relations, we might expect Hume to have explained that distinction in the Enquiry rather than dropping it while still maintaining two definitions. Some scholars have argued for ways of squaring the two definitions (Don Garrett, for instance, argues that the two are equivalent if they are both read objectively or both read subjectively), while others have given reason to think that seeking to fit or eliminate definitions may be a misguided project.

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But Hume is at pains to point out that the definitions are inadequate. Though this treatment of literature considering the definitions as meaningfully nonequivalent has been brief, it does serve to show that the definitions need not be forced together. We must therefore follow a different route in considering what our impression of necessity amounts to. Strictly speaking, for Hume, our only external impression of causation is a mere constant conjunction of phenomena, that B always follows A, and Hume sometimes seems to imply that this is all that causation amounts to. Simply because Hume says that this is what we can know of causation, it does not follow that Hume therefore believes that this is all that causation amounts to. To know of a man that he is dead should be enough. The little man stood before the window and gazed steadfastly out seawards. As though by common consent, they both crossed to the window and stood looking out into the darkness. But invoking this common type of necessity is trivial or circular when it is this very efficacy that Hume is attempting to discover.


Hume points out that this second component of causation is far from clear. This article examines the empirical foundations that lead Hume to his account of causation before detailing his definitions of causation and how he uses these key insights to generate the Problem of Induction. Whether the Problem of induction is in fact separable from Hume’s account of necessary connection, he himself connects the two by arguing that "…the knowledge of this relation is not, in any instance, attained by reasonings a priori; but arises entirely from experience, when we find that any particular objects are constantly conjoined with each other." (EHU 4.6; SBN 27) Here, Hume invokes the account of causation explicated above to show that the necessity supporting (B) is grounded in our observation of constant conjunction. Having approached Hume’s account of causality by this route, we are now in a position to see where Hume’s two definitions of causation given in the Treatise come from.


We may therefore now say that, on Hume’s account, to invoke causality is to invoke a constant conjunction of relata whose conjunction carries with it a necessary connection. Nevertheless, ‘causation’ carries a stronger connotation than this, for constant conjunction can be accidental and therefore doesn’t get us the necessary connection that gives the relation of cause and effect its predictive ability. A web version of Rod Cross's paper together with a PDF download gives experimental measurements of mallet-ball-ball collisions. It is the internal impression of this "oomph" that gives rise to our idea of necessity, the mere feeling of certainty that the conjunction will stay constant. In fact, later in the Treatise, Hume states that necessity is defined by both, either as the constant conjunction or as the mental inference, that they are two different senses of necessity, and Hume, at various points, identifies both as the essence of connection or power. Clearly it is not a logical modality, as there are possible worlds in which the standard laws of causation do not obtain. There was Granet; Geoffrey Anselman, his cousin, who played for Cambridge and rowed two; Major Harrison, whose leave had been extended another three weeks; and the secretary of the club, who made up the quartette.



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